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As Nikolai Grube relates in his paper on Palenque's role in the great Late Classic conflict between Calakmul and Tikal (Grube 1996), this Snake king also turns up on Caracol Stela 3, in a context about 27 years before the Palenque text that we are considering. The Caracol date is 9.6.18.12.0 (August 14, 572), while the Calakmul attack on Palenque is on 9.8.5.13.8 (April 23, 599). Simon Martin, who first connected the Palenque and Caracol instances of the name at the 1991 Advanced Seminar of the Texas Maya Meetings and later in his paper on the codex ceramics king list (Martin 1997), has dubbed him "Sky Witness".
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